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Aluminum adjuvants, commonly referred to as “alum,” are the most widespread immunostimulants in human vaccines. Although the mechanisms that promote humoral responses to alum-adsorbed antigens are still enigmatic, alum is thought to form antigen depots and induce inflammatory signals that, in turn, promote antibody production. It was recently noted that Imject ® alum, a commercial aluminum-containing...
The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are about 8 million new cases annually of active Tuberculosis (TB). Despite its irregular effectiveness (0–89%), the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) BCG is the only vaccine available worldwide for prevention of TB; thus, the design is important of novel and more efficient vaccination strategies. Considering that β-defensin-2 is an antimicrobial...
The relative contribution of different categories of contact in transmitting pertussis to very young infants, who experience the most severe morbidity, is the most important single factor determining the likely benefit of pertussis vaccination of their close contacts (the “cocooning” strategy).To identify, evaluate the quality of and summarise existing data on potential sources of infant pertussis...
The practice of immunization of animals and humans has been carried out for centuries and is generally accepted as the most cost effective and sustainable method of infectious disease control. Over the past 20 years there have been significant changes in our ability to produce antigens by conventional extraction and purification, recombinant DNA and synthesis. However, many of these products need...
Since 1998, an influenza vaccination program has been implemented by the Taiwan government targeting people aged ≥65 years. However, the evidence of the effectiveness of this program in preventing influenza, which is based on the nation-wide database, is lacking. This study attempted to estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccination program in preventing influenza- and pneumonia-associated...
China is the most populous country in the world, with an annual birth cohort of approximately 16 million, requiring an average of 500 million vaccine doses administered annually. In China, over 30 domestic and less than 10 overseas vaccine manufacturers supply over 60 licensed vaccine products, representing a growing vaccine market mainly due to recent additions to the national immunization schedule,...
We investigated the impact of vaccination on rubella epidemiology in Australia, using a mathematical model fitted to Australian serosurvey data and incorporating pre-vaccination European estimates of rubella transmissibility. Mass infant measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination produced a 99% reduction in both rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) incidence by 2010 compared to the pre-vaccination...
Health-care authorities encouraged A(H1N1)2009 influenza vaccination for all hospital workers because of their high risk of contracting and transmitting the virus.Six months after the vaccination campaign began, an electronic anonymous questionnaire was completed by 1630 among 14,000 hospital workers (11.6%). Vaccination rate was 54.3%. Independent predictors for vaccination acceptance were advanced...
Avian chlamydiosis is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci (Cp. psittaci) and major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Cp. psittaci is an excellent vaccine candidate. In this study, the MOMP gene was expressed in rice callus by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector. The production of protein in transgenic rice seeds was confirmed and quantified by Western-blot and ELISA, the results demonstrating that the...
Immune responses to the inactivated oral whole cell cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit cholera vaccine, Dukoral ® , as well as three childhood vaccines in the national immunization system were compared in children living in high and low arsenic contaminated areas in Bangladesh. In addition, serum complement factors C3 and C4 levels were evaluated among children in the two areas.Toddlers (2–5 years)...
The Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB) organized an international meeting in Milan in November 2011 on the question of whether completing a course of hepatitis B vaccination confers lifelong protection against hepatitis B virus infection and its complications. Presentations covered vaccine efficacy including factors influencing long-term protection; breakthrough infections; the immunological...
Current vaccines targeting surface proteins can drive antigenic variation resulting either in the emergence of more highly pathogenic viruses or of antigenically distinct viruses that escape control by vaccination and thereby persist in the host population. Influenza vaccines typically target the highly mutable surface proteins and do not provide protection against heterologous challenge. Vaccines...
Passive vaccination is used to treat a wide range of infections and cancer. However, this approach has some limitations. An immune complex termed Y-complex was developed to intensify the effect of the passive vaccine. The complex is composed of a microbead that carries specific antibodies and an inducer. It enables targeting of pathogen or abnormal cells, and stimulation of a desired response by innate...
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) used for immunotherapy e.g. against cancer are commonly matured by pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and prostaglandin E 2 although the absence of Toll-like receptor mediated activation prevents secretion of IL-12 from DCs and subsequent efficient induction of type 1 effector T cells. Standard matured clinical grade DCs “sDCs” were compared...
A replicon expression system based on the salmonid alphavirus (SAV) that encodes the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) was constructed and found to be an efficacious vaccine against infectious salmon anemia (ISA). Following a single intramuscular immunization, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were effectively protected against subsequent ISAV challenge. Additional replicons...
Influenza vaccination is less effective in the elderly compared to the young. Studies that have attempted to identify immune parameters correlating with satisfactory vaccine responses have yielded inconclusive results. Here, we correlate the distribution of different circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell phenotypes with the humoral response to vaccination with Intanza, an intradermal seasonal vaccine,...
A reverse genetics infectious bursal disease virus (RG-IBDV) that contained authentic 3′ RNA sequence was characterized both in vitro and in vivo. LP1-IBDV, a cell line-adapted IBDV strain variant E (VE) was used as the parent virus for constructing viral cDNA clones. Authentic 3′ RNA sequence was generated by using cis-acting hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (HDR). The absence of HDR in the clones...
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